[1] K. Sayood, "Introduction to data compression", 3rd Edition, Elsevier, 2005.

[2] Lecture notes: "Source Coding & Compression, COMM901", K. S. Hassan, German University in Cairo, 2012.

[3] Ziv, Jacob; Lempel, Abraham (May 1977). "A Universal Algorithm for Sequential Data Compression". IEEE Transactions on Information Theory. 23 (3): 337-343.

[4] Ziv, Jacob; Lempel, Abraham (September 1978). "Compression of Individual Sequences via Variable-Rate Coding". IEEE Transactions on Information Theory. 24 (5): 530-536.

[5] Welch, Terry (1984). "A Technique for High-Performance Data Compression" (PDF). Computer. 17 (6): 8-19. doi:10.1109/MC.1984.1659158

[6] "Graphics Interchange Format, Version 87a". W3C. 15 June 1987. Retrieved 13 October 2012.

[7] L. Peter Deutsch (May 1996). DEFLATE Compressed Data Format Specification version 1.3. IETF. p. 1. sec. Abstract. doi:10.17487/RFC1951. RFC 1951. Retrieved 2014-04-23.