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Spatial Coupling
An arbitrary block $(d_v, d_c)$ LDPC code can be extended to an SC-LDPC code within 4 steps:

1. The underlying block LDPC code is represented as a Tanner graph

underlying block LDPC code

2. The underlying block LDPC code is copied $L$ times ($L$ is called replication factor, e.g. $L=50$), which is equal to $L$ different, independent code words.

underlying block LDPC code is copied L times



3. The edges of these $L$ underlying block LDPC codes are randomly permuted inside a coupling window $W$ (e.g. $W=3$)

The edges of the underlying blocks are randomly permuted



4. The code must be terminated after $L$ replications, several principles exist. Basically the last $W-1$ blocks must be protected by additional parity bits. This sequence does not contain information bits and therefore the code rate decreases. This results in a communication overhead, which can be mitigated by a large replication factor (see the following slide for details).
It is a current topic in research how to avoid or mitigate this rate loss.